These pores serve as outlets for releasing oil and sweat from your glands. When these pores become clogged, it can result in the development of acne. Although clogged pores are frequently found on the face, they can develop anywhere on your body, such as the scalp, neck, back, shoulders, and chest.

The facial glands produce a substance known as sebum, a natural oil that forms a protective barrier on the skin by retaining moisture. Pores serve the purpose of transporting this oil to the skin's surface, where it nourishes and moisturises the skin. However, there are instances when sebum, along with dead skin cells and other substances, becomes trapped within a pore. This blockage can cause the pore to appear larger or create a rough texture on the skin.

Causes of clogged pores

Blocked pores are typically caused by dead skin cells and sebum, but there are other factors that can increase the likelihood of pore blockage. These factors include:

Comedogenic products

Dermatologists use the term "comedogenic" to describe substances that have the potential to block pores. Certain skincare products like makeup, sunscreen, and lotions can be comedogenic and contribute to pore blockage.

Skin elasticity

Decreased skin elasticity can result in larger and more visible pores. When pores are larger, they are more susceptible to becoming clogged.

Sebum production

Some people produce more sebum than others. Higher sebum production is associated with a greater likelihood of having visible facial pores. Factors such as hormones, genetics, and age can influence sebum production.

Ethnicity

People from certain ethnic backgrounds are more prone to having large pores compared to others. The study revealed significant variations in pore size among different ethnic groups, indicating that ethnicity may play a more significant role in pore size than age alone.

Other causes

1. Dry skin or excessive production of skin cells.

2. Facial products such as cleansers, lotions, or cosmetics.

3. Medications that alter the oil production of glands.

4. Oily skin is caused by factors like age, hormones, or genetics.

Symptoms of clogged pores

Many people become aware of clogged pores only when they result in certain skin issues, such as:

Whiteheads

When a pore's opening is obstructed, it can lead to a raised, white or flesh-coloured bump on the skin. Another term for a whitehead is a closed comedo or a zit.

Blackheads

When a pore becomes blocked and its opening widens, it forms a blackhead. Contrary to popular belief, blackheads don't appear black due to dirt; it's actually the chemical reaction between the pore's contents and oxygen that gives them their black colour. An open comedo or an open pore is another name for a blackhead. A large blackhead is known as a dilated pore of Winer, which presents as a skin opening filled with a blue or black substance.

Pimples and pustules

Excessive dirt and oil accumulation within a pore can lead to redness, swelling, and irritation. Whiteheads and blackheads fall under the category of pimples, which are also referred to as papules. If they contain pus, they are known as pustules.

Nodules and cysts

Severe pore blockage can result in deep skin swelling, pain, and irritation. If a nodule contains pus, it is termed as a cyst. Cystic acne has the potential to cause acne scars.

Treatment options

Pore strips

Pore strips consist of adhesive materials which are available in various shapes and sizes to cater to different areas of the face. They effectively eliminate:

1. Hair

2. Bacteria

3. Oil

4. Dead skin cells

5. Any residual substances present on the skin's surface.

Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal is believed to have the ability to remove dirt, pollution, and toxins from pores, although further research is necessary to confirm its effectiveness.

Skin extractions

Skin extractions are a common procedure offered by skin care specialists or dermatologists during facial treatments. This process involves the manual application of pressure around clogged pores using either a metal extractor tool or the specialist's hands. 

Exfoliation 

Exfoliation refers to a skin treatment that effectively cleanses the skin and eliminates dead skin cells, aiding in the unclogging of pores.

There are various types of exfoliation methods, namely mechanical and chemical.

Mechanical exfoliation includes:

1. Brushes

2.  Scrubs

3. Cleansing cloths

Chemical exfoliation involves the use of alpha hydroxy acids (such as glycolic acid), beta hydroxy acids (such as salicylic acid), retinol, or topical enzymes to cleanse the pores. Chemical exfoliants can sometimes be harsh or drying, so seeking assistance from a professional is crucial. They can also provide guidance on the frequency at which you should use these treatments.

Facial steaming:

Facial steaming is a common practice during skincare treatments. It involves the application of warm, moist air to the face using a specialised device known as a skin steamer. This process effectively opens up your pores.

Preventing clogged pores

Certain groups of people are more susceptible to clogged pores, but below are some measures people can adopt to prevent their recurrence after treatment.

1. Maintain clean and moisturised skin.

2. Use non-comedogenic products.

3. Remove all makeup before going to sleep.

4. Avoid touching the face.

5. Exfoliate areas of the skin prone to congestion.

6. Use an oil-free sunscreen.

Conclusion

When it comes to unclogging pores, numerous treatment options are available, ranging from daily facial cleansers to prescribed topical medications. Keep in mind that certain recommendations found online can potentially dry out or harm your skin. Therefore, it is essential to seek guidance from a skincare professional to determine the safest approach for your skin type.